+ alphabet
+ syllable (initial + vowel + final) + tone
+ flashcards?

phonemes
Vietnamese pronunciation is much more difficult than I first anticipated. It is far more difficult than Chinese, and it’s not 100% phonetic to the writing (despite what many teachers claim). There are exceptions to the pronunciation rules, and regional differences that create further confusion.

rounding rhymes, u ô o + m p n t (ng c)*
* must close mouth

tones
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_phonology
Vietnamese uses tones, although it is not considered a “pure” tonal language.

http://www.omniglot.com/writing/vietnamese.htm